What is Hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism is a condition where the body lacks sufficient thyroid hormones, which are critical for regulating metabolism. This deficiency can result from issues within the thyroid gland itself or from problems with the signals that stimulate hormone production.
Causes of Hypothyroidism
In children, hypothyroidism commonly occurs due to improper development of the thyroid during fetal growth or due to problems in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. For adolescents and adults, the most frequent cause is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Additionally, damage to the pituitary gland, which releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), can disrupt hormone production, as can the surgical removal of the thyroid.
Common Symptoms
In newborns and children, symptoms include constipation, growth delays, and developmental issues. Adolescents and adults typically experience more subtle symptoms such as chronic fatigue, loss of appetite, weight gain, cold sensitivity, and constipation. Dry skin, menstrual irregularities in women, and even excessive menstrual bleeding can also occur. In severe cases, neurological symptoms like coma may appear due to extreme hormone deficiency.
Diagnosis and Tests
Hypothyroidism is diagnosed by measuring thyroid hormone levels in the blood. Low levels of T4 or T3 hormones indicate the condition.
Treatment Options
Treatment involves taking synthetic thyroid hormones to restore normal hormone levels. Early intervention is crucial for newborns, with treatment ideally beginning within two weeks of diagnosis.
Complications of Hypothyroidism
If untreated in children, congenital hypothyroidism can lead to intellectual disability and stunted growth. Once cognitive impairment occurs, it cannot be reversed even with hormone therapy. In adults, hypothyroidism can result in cardiovascular complications and severe neurological issues, such as coma, hypothermia, and low blood pressure.
Dietary and Lifestyle Considerations
Certain supplements, such as iron, calcium, or antacids, may interfere with the absorption of thyroid hormone medications. It is important to avoid taking these together with thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
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